Economic Geography of Industry Location in India :: India Economics Industries Essays

Economic Geography of Industry Location in India ____________________________________ Paper prepared for the UNU/WIDER Project Conference on Spatial Inequality in Asia 3 Economic Geography of Industry Location in India Where do different industries locate? What factors influence the spatial distribution of economic activity within countries? Finding answers to these questions is important for understanding the development potential of sub national regions. This is particularly important for developing countries as they have relatively lower levels of overall investment and economic activity is concentrated in one or a few growth centers. Thus, regions that do not attract dynamic industries are not only characterized by low productivity, but also by lower relative incomes and standards of living. These questions on industry location and their implications are not new. Examining the locational aspects of economic activity has long been of interest to geographers, planners, and regional scientists (Weber, 1909; Là ¶sch, 1940; Hotelling, 1929; Greenhut and Greenhut, 1975, Isard 1956). However, analytic difficulties in modeling increasing returns to scale marginalized the analysis of geographic aspects in mainstream economic analysis (Krugman 1991). Recent research on externalities, increasing returns to scale, and imperfect spatial competition (Dixit and Stiglitz 1977; Fujita, et al. 1999; Krugman 1991) has led to renewed interest in analyzing the spatial organization of economic activity. This is especially true in case of geographic concentration or clustering. Models in the ‘New Economic Geography’ literature (see review in Fujita, Krugman, and Venables, 1999) allow us to move from the question ‘Where will manufacturing concentrate (if it does)?’ to the question ‘What manufacturing will concentrate where?’ These insightful theoretical models provide, for the most part, renewed analytical support for the â€Å"cumulative causation† arguments made in earlier decades on the core-periphery relationship, on agglomeration economies, and on industrial clustering. In this context, we are interested in finding empirical answers to these (very old) questions, and to go beyond, to ask, â€Å"What manufacturing will locate where and why†? Industry location and concentration decisions are driven by two fundamental considerations: a set of â€Å"pure† location or â€Å"economic geography† criteria, including well recognized elements such as urbanization and localization economies, market access, infrastructure availability, etc. The other is a set of â€Å"practical† or â€Å"political economy† criteria, where the state is a key player in industrial ownership and production, and uses location considerations that are different from the private sector. The private sector responds to the very strong influence of state regulations, and the result is an industrial geography that is shaped by factors of economic geography and political economy. To understand the process of industrial location and concentration, it is important to first analyze the location decisions of firms in particular industries.

Political Philosophy and Machiavelli Essay

Niccolo Machiavelli is best known for his highly controversial ideas on politics. He began writing about his political ideas after the French invasion because of his desire to reunite Italy after the fall of the republic. As a humanist, Machiavelli disagreed with the current religious based politics that were set in place at the time. His humanist ideas allowed him to focus his political ideas on human potential and achievement rather than religious themes. Even though Machiavelli had a harsh view on the nature of human beings, his unique understanding of the relationship between virtue and politics set the basics for modern political science, and many of his ideas can still be observed in American politics today. Before Machiavelli’s new ideas on political science, politics had been comprised around the ideas of the Christian church. Politics set up by the church relied heavily on good ethics and virtue. The church praised leaders that possessed qualities such as honesty, compassion, chastity, and faithfulness. Machiavelli rejected classic Christian values when thinking about politics and only considered qualities that were useful in preserving power. Machiavelli had a very different idea on the specific qualities that a good prince should possess. He assumed that people in power that possess virtuous qualities could be easily taken advantage of. He viewed these qualities most people deem as good qualities, as a weakness, which could mean the downfall of a state. He believed that the church should only practice its rights in the spiritual realm and not in politics. Since he felt that Christianity destroys the state, he believed that the church should have restricted power in politics. Thus resulting in his ideas on separating the church from state. The more Machiavelli’s ideas on government strayed from the Christian ideals, the more his ideas on politics began to reflect our current American government. This idea of the separation between church and state is only one of several similarities Machiavelli’s political ideas reflects American government. Similarities are seen in the organization of power through fear in the military. Also, his ideas can be seen in American politics when our presidents make decisions based on what is most beneficial, even if it is not always the most virtuous action. Probably one of Machiavelli’s most influential ideas on politics was his belief that it is better to be feared than to be loved. In his eyes, being feared was desirable over being loved since the circumstances of the world make it impossible to be both loved and feared in sequence. He understood it to be crucial that the people respect his authority and power in order for him to be able to maintain unity and loyalty from his people within the state. The only way he believed this to be possible, was to remove himself from compassion and build fear in the people through cruelty. As long as he was able to avoid being hated, this allowed him to rely on what he could control. This idea that it is better to be feared than to be loved can easily be seen within the American military. Powerful armies are not built under friendship and good virtue. They are built under fear and respect. As Americans, we have one of the most powerful military forces in the world. We do not achieve this power by making other countries love us. If we were simply loved to gain respect, rather than feared to gain respect, when the pressure of disagreement arose other countries would not hesitate in the decision to attack. So long as we are feared we hold more power over the decision to take rash action against conflict. Through fear our military guarantees our countries continuous security and prosperity. On the other hand, when it comes to our president’s stand on the question of being loved or feared, it would seem that they would take the opposite stance on the issue. Our American presidents don’t seem to aim at being feared over loved. They fill our minds with the characteristics we find desirable. They aim at making us love, trust, and respect them. Yet, they generally attempt to achieve this love through lies. The government wants us as citizens to love rather than fear, yet as an entire nation, the government aims at remaining a fearful and powerful force in the eyes of other nations. This leads to another difference between American politics, and Machiavellian ideas. Machiavelli stated, â€Å" it is proper to represent things as they are in real truth, rather than as they are imagined† (p. 8). He wanted to avoid creating an imaginary ideal society, as the Christian based politics had before him. In this issue, our government seems to reflect the Christian idea more than Machiavelli’s idea of truth. America’s presidential candidates create their campaigns according to the standards each separate political party would consider to be their ideal image of government. These candidates make promises of perfect ethics and virtue, however, after being elected into office, they very rarely follow through with these promises and ideas of perfection that they have convinced us to believe. They present us with these ideal characteristics in order to receive the popular vote, yet as Machiavelli has explained, as a ruler in order to maintain prosperity and security it is not ideal to follow through with fantasies of virtuous leaders. It would be nice if our presidents followed Machiavelli’s advice and were straightforward and truthful from the start. Since people do not vote for reality and would rather vote for the fairytale, it does not work out his way in our democracy. Machiavelli’s ideas on the significance of virtue in politics may be a result of the way he views human nature. Since he has little hope in the goodness of humanity, he does not hold leaders to the highly positive qualities that the church does. Machiavelli is well known for his negative views on human nature. Even today his name is still largely associated with wickedness. He believed all people to naturally be ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers. He even went so far as to refer to people as wretched creatures. I feel that Machiavelli’s ideas are solid and well thought out. Although, that does not mean that I completely agree with all his ideas, especially those on the nature of humans. I refuse to confer that humankind is naturally evil willed. I like to see the good in people, and to me it seems that the good in this world greatly outweighs the bad. However, I also do not agree that Machiavelli is the tyrant that history has made him out to be. Overall, I believe that most of his ideas aimed at improving the well being of his state. Even though he came off as an evil man it seemed to me that he always had his state’s best interests in mind. The way I see it, his negative understanding of human nature forced him to look at issues from a different perspective than most people of his time, and drove his ideas behind the irrelevance of virtuous traits in a political leader. Many of Machiavelli’s ideas are reflected in American politics. Machiavelli believed in practicing the separation of church and state just as America does. He believed that with fear came power, which is apparent in the United States military. Although many of Machiavelli’s ideas reflect American government there are a few differences between the two, such as the qualities that can be viewed in presidential candidates and how our government goes about the real truth. Overall, Machiavelli’s ideas on virtue and fear, no matter how wicked in nature, seem to properly deem him the founder of the modern political science that our government has been founded off of still today.

Essay on Control theory, Anomie theory and Strain theory

Control theory, Anomie theory and Strain theory provide very different explanations of why people commit crimes based upon assumptions about how humans function. Control theory suggests that humans are naturally drawn to breaking the law. Humans are driven to fulfill their needs and desires. Crime provides one method by which humans can reach their goals. Control theorists would thus ask why everyone does not turn to crime to meet their wants and needs. The question shifts from the typical why do people commit crime to why do people not commit crime (Cullen and Agnew, 2011). Hirschi suggest that crime and social bonds are linked, such that crime occurs in absence of a strong social bond. The four elements of the social bonds are†¦show more content†¦Though the offender still believes that crime in general is wrong, they will justify or excuse their crime as necessary, morally correct or otherwise acceptable. Offenders might suggest that their crime was acceptable because the y are not responsible (â€Å"Denial of Responsibility†), no harm occurred (Denial of Injury), the victim deserved to be victimized (â€Å"Denial of Victim†), the authorities have it out for them (Condemnation of the Condemners) or there is a higher good served by their actions (â€Å"Appeal to Higher Loyalties†). The offender in all of these cases recognizes that their actions were deviant, but argue that it was justified (Sykes and Matza , 2011). Under these theories, humans are considered to naturally want to commit crime, but generally believe that crime is wrong. When they do offend, they consider their offense to be justified exceptions to their belief in the wrongness of crime, the result of a lack of self-control or social bond. Anomie theory posits that US society focus heavily upon monetary success, but places little emphasis upon how this success is obtained. Strain theory proposals a very similar concept, but focus upon smaller units within society. I t argues that while everyone aims to reach the middle class standard of success, people in some groups will be unable to achieve it via legitimate channels. These theories suggest that people how commit crime are trying to accomplish theShow MoreRelatedDurkheim s Theory Of Social Bonds1339 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished many sociological theories throughout his time that still are relevant today and have been studied by many sociologists during his time and now currently. One of the more popular theories that has been altered slightly but still used today is Durkheim’s Anomie Theory. The Anomie Theory has been studied by many other famous sociologists such as Robert King Merton and Robert Agnew. It eventually branched into what is now known as the Strain Theory. Currently, these theories are being changed andRead MoreThe Theory, Social, And Conflict Theory854 Words   |  4 Pagesconnect main theories as to how poor disadvantaged neighborhoods influence behaviors of young adults, making them participate in crime and deviance. This is important to review because it will show researchers the strengths and limitations of certain theories and also help further develop future experimental designs or constructs. There are three main sociological theories that are discussed in this section that include the following: Anomie Theory, Social Disorganization, and Conflict Theory. These sectionsRead MoreDifferential Opportunity Theory Of Deviant Behavior1334 Words   |  6 PagesDifferential Opportunity Theory Sociologists have created many theories to explain deviant behavior, how we learn it, and why we do it. The theory of anomie, differential opportunity, and general strain will be discussed throughout this paper to explain how a person is led to deviant behavior. Deviant behavior can be learned through many aspects of life however, there are many theories explain how this occurs. The anomie theory refers to the lack of normal ethical or social standards however; DurkhiemRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Crime Essay761 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of sociological explanations of crimes with links to Durkheim’s anomie theory, Merton’s strain theory and the Labelling theory which will draw upon different academics that will highlight these specific areas of research. In sociological terms, crime is a social concept as it does not exist as an autonomous entity, but it is socially constructed by people. It can be analysed that sociological explanations of crime attribute deviance to variousRead MoreTheories on Crime1253 Words   |  5 PagesTheories on Crime: The field of criminology is basically described as the study of crime through which the causes, prevention, and correction of offenses are examined. While this process can be extremely difficult, especially for students, the analysis of the causes of crime is significant to sociology and criminology. The difficulties associated with the study of crime originate from the numerous challenges in developing theories that explain human behavior. In relation to crime, human behaviorRead MoreThe Causes Of Deviant Behavior, Psychological Approach And Sociological Approach1676 Words   |  7 PagesDeviance is a kind of behaviour which is contrary to the dominant norms and values of society. In reality, there are many different theories to explain the causes of deviant behaviour, including biological approach, psychological approach and sociological approach. This essay will be using two criminological perspectives which are the biological and sociological explanations to analyse the causes of crime in depth, and evaluate the two perspectives and the related criminological evidence. SociologyRead MoreThe Theory Of Crime And Criminal Behavior Essay1624 Words   |  7 Pagesas well. Criminological theory attempts to describe why and how crime transpires by studying the countless social factors that influence someone to commit crimes. These theories are then supposed to explain both the understandings and roots of crime. Abstract outlooks offer an image of what something is and the best way of addressing that particular subject. In this section of the course we have explored different author’s sociological perspectives in the realm of theory. Each aim to explain whyRead MoreDurkheim And The Study Of Suicide1479 Words   |  6 Pagesproposed that man is more prone to the constraints of self-destruction the further he withdraws from societal bonds and lives as an egoist. Durkheim blamed organic society for the decline of societal bond and integration which resulted in the creation of anomie (Durkheim, 1893, p.200). Taylor highlights this in his book Durkheim and the Study of Suicide (1982) Taylors version claims that suicide is ever present within modern organic societies due to the breakdown in social cohesion: Durkheim claimed thatRead MoreEssay on Theories of Crime and Criminal Activity1488 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of Crime and Criminal Activity Every theory of crime has at least 2-3 meta-theoretical levels above it. The fundamental issues are usually addressed at the approach level, and are often called the assumptions, or starting points, of a theory, although the term assumptions more strictly refers to the background or domain boundaries one can draw generalizations about. Above the approach level is the Perspective level, the largest unit of agreement within a scientific community, andRead MoreThe Strain Theory Of Criminal Behavior And Is A Breakdown Of Why People Commit Crimes1633 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Head: Strain Theory Stain Theory Keisha Harris Valdosta State University The strain theory explains the criminal behavior and is a breakdown of why people commit crimes. The theory was developed by an American Sociologist Robert K. Merton (1910-2003). Merton believed that the society influences deviance and plays a huge role in criminals committing crimes. Emile Durkheim (1858-1957) presented the earliest version of the strain theory. He believed that well-built societies

Racial Segregations and Hope for More Equal Life in...

In showing the youth of his mother and her abusive father, McBride identifies the racism of the South in 1940s. With mentions of his past he highlights the racial segregations in order to portray a more equal way of life. The racial segregation begins as he questions his identity wondering why his mom is white and he is black. When James goes to the bus to take him to summer camp and the kid shakes his father’s hand in a â€Å"hip† way and then says his dad is a Black Panther James yells for his mother then punches the other kid in the face (p. 36) which emphasizes his fear for his white mother’s safety due to his exposure of the Black Panther group being violent against whites. At the store McBride buys a carton of milk, which turns out to be†¦show more content†¦In James’s professional life as a writer, he attempts to stay away from people because of the racial comments that get thrown around (p. 261). This exposes how in a professional environment people are judged by the color of their skin more than their ability. James’ attempts to show the racial tensions hints at why he believes that the world needs to change and tries to help and change it. Throughout the book James McBride is looked at as second rate because he is black and wants to change how people look at him and his race, since he knows there is a better way. An example of early equality is when Jordan Hunter, a black man, marries Ruth and helps her with money and provides a fatherly figure to her children (Chapter DADDY). He helps Ruth out in ways, only known to loving relationships even thought it goes society. While James is looking for his mother in Suffolk he goes in to a synagogue where he is pleasantly surprised by the kind nature of the people there. He writes, â€Å"I found it odd and amazing when white people treated me that way, as if there were no barriers between us. It said a lot about this religion,† While this highlights how little James had experienced, it emphasizes that there is good in the world that will take you in and help you no matter your color. Later James’s mom explains to him that God is not black or white, â€Å"God is t he color of water. Water doesn’t have a color. (Pg. 51)† This quote presents Ruth’s idea of a more perfect

Complicated and Tragic Stories of The Glass Menagerie by...

The universe is believed to consist of sexvigintillion observable atoms or 10^81, humans are one out of 8.7 million species on earth, and you are only one out of 7, 221,306,800 people on earth. With numbers such as these it becomes clear how your life is simply a struggle for existence. In the novel The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Tom, an aspiring writer attempts to survive within the confines of his tiny apartment, and resist his urge to escape. Likewise hundreds of miles away, during a completely separate time a young entrepreneur, Jay Gatsby, struggles to exist within a world of wealth in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Their battle for existence is evident through each authors use of characterization,†¦show more content†¦Even more because he is trapped within his mothers home he is unable to experience life. Toms desire for adventure can also be seen through his constant comparisons between his father and himself, and through his few jealous claims about his fathers ability to just leave. Overall, Toms inability to be independent, and his lack of expression also makes it impossible for Tom to be anyone, or to live because rather than seeing Tom as his own person, his mother views him as an asset. With this attitude Amanda forces Tom into the shadows, where he is unable to truly exist. From beginning to end, the story of Tom, Amanda, and Laura is very life-changing for them, and transformational for the viewers. Tom for example through Williams use of characterization is able to separate himself from a position of submission to dominance. This promotion of sorts is what allows him to conquer his demons, and truly exist. Tom himself is able to do this by joining the Union of Merchant Seamen, which he plans to use as an escape from his mothers suffocating apartment, and his sisters glass menagerie. Also, through Toms leaving the audience is able to see that he has conquered not only his internal, but external conflicts. A manda, his mother of course was Tom external conflict, constantly enacting her power, stress and inabilities upon Tom which was obviously the bigger of his many issues. Next Toms internal conflict was his

Venture Capital Funding Essay Free Essays

The determinants of Venture Capital Funding: Performance of US Venture Capital Firms against European VCs Problem Statement: Over the last decade, many researchers have praised the influence of Venture Capital (VC) as a key driver of entrepreneurism, start-ups, innovation and economic growth (Da Rin et al., 2006; Cumming, 2014). VC has long been studied and observed in the United States, it is for these positive reasons that the EU have outlined the development of VC as a major policy priority (EVCA, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Venture Capital Funding Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is only within the last 20 years that the European Market has moved from being perceived as an â€Å"emerging market† in terms of VC, and that even by the start of the 21st Century, the aggregated investment volume was ˆ12 billion which was less than 25% of the American investment volume at that time (Hege et al., 2003; EVCA, 2001). Due to the relatively recent development of VC in Europe, there is a large gap in the existing research as to the effectiveness and influences of VC in Europe. Certainly Popov Roosenboom, (2013) bemoan the fact that the majority of existing research into venture capital typically focuses its attention on the United States. Thus, there is a real shortage of effective empirical studies into the behaviours and qualities of European VC. Jeng and Wells (2000) support this view, explaining that factors such as the contracting, organisation of VC firms, exit decisions, and â€Å"the peculiarities of Europe† are not fully understood, nor ha s the features that European markets share with American ones have not been made in strong detail. Thus, this dissertation will provide a comparative study into the American VCs and European VCs. This micro-level study will to address the gap in existing research of the rate of return for VC in the US and the EU, possible the most influential emerging markets for venture financing. Purpose Statement: This research will look to examine the performance of US venture capital firms against European venture capital firms to identify whether a gap exists between the two groups and to determine whether European VCs ca improve the rates of return from total investment based on funding frequency and other variables. The main objectives of this dissertation are: To determine if there is a gap in the levels of performance amongst American VC and European VC paying particular attention to the type of exit and rate of return. To explore whether any gap could be the result of major differences in the contractual relationship between VCs and startups in these regions or from the use of key tools that assert an active role of VCs in the process of value creation. To identify any relevant policy determinants including regional tax, investment protection/treaty, Intellectual property rights, and financial regulation. To determine whether US VCs have better screening skills than European VCs and whether this produces a higher degree of turning initial investments and funding frequency into successful ventures. Importance of the Study This research looks to address the gap in the existing research into the emergence of VC in European markets, and looks to benchmark this against VCs in the United States. Researchers, data providers, and trade associations have all observed the notable gap in existing research into VC in Europe (Da Rin et al., 2006; Cumming, 2014). Trade associations have even pointed to this gap in understanding as a primary factor that causes them to hesitate with early-stage financing. This dissertation study will also be significant as it will look to provide a critical, microeconomic analysis of the main drivers and influence of successful VCs in America and observe these against VCs in Europe, exploring contractual features and firm characteristics to define and quantify the determinants of VC returns. This will look to address the gap in existing research in the European VC sector and provide a greater understanding of VCs in Europe. Proposed Research Method A combination of quantitate and qualitative research tools will be used to complete this study. Research data will be found using a range of sources, including the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmen (OECD) and other key institutions with data on several policy factors. These data sources will provide information on an expansive range of portfolio organizations, key investments and valuations. Quantitative data analysis will be completed using the statistical package software SPSS. The statistical package software benefits the cleaning and transformation of the data. Following the completion of the data collection stage, the researcher will analyse the raw data and assemble the results into a data matrix. This data matrix with contain the details of the study with key information sorted into columns, variable and values. The data matrix will then be used for statistical calculations and used for the analysis of the results. This dataset will allows the researcher to study organisation’s performance in terms of Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the investment amongst the initial investment to the final value of the firm. This study will also aim to quantify the influence of VCs on project profitability in Europe and compare this to the United states. A valuation-based measure of the rate of return will be used to examine the characteristics of European VCs against US VCs. independent variables to be studied will include age (the time elapsed since the VC raised the first fund), Regional (does the VC only invest in their own country), Companies (the number of companies in the VCs portfolio), Duration (the average investment duration in years), and, finally, the taxation policies of the US and Europe. The following equation will be used to calculate estimated values (V1) for the first stage valuation for all European organizations: Qi = V1i=I1i. Here Qi represents the initial value for company, whereas i is the multiple of the initial investment. The average Qj ratio will be determined of all selected studies. Research Hypotheses The research will also use the following hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: European VCs performance is positively correlated with the rate of return of the investment between the initial investment and the final valuation of the project/firm. Hypothesis 2: increased continuity of VCs engenders a stronger relationship which reduces barriers to financing and will increase returns. Hypothesis 3: European Venture-backed companies could benefit from the presence of alternative investments besides independent VCs. References Black, B. S., Gilson, R. J. (1998) ‘Venture capital and the structure of capital markets: banks versus stock markets, Journal of Financial Economics, 47, pp. 243-277. Cumming, D. (2014) Public economics gone wild: Lessons from venture capital, International Review of Financial Analysis, 36, pp. 251-260. Da Rin, M., Nicodano, G., Sembenelli, A. (2006) ‘Public Policy and the reaction of active venture capital markets’, in Journal of Public Economics, 90, pp. 1699-1723. EVCA (2001) A Survey of Private Equity and Venture Capital in Europe, Yearbook 2001 Green, J. (2004) â€Å"Venture capital at a new crossroads†, Journal of Management Development, 23(10), pp. 972 – 976. Hege, U., Palomino, F., Schwienbacher, A. (2003) Determinants of Venture Capital Performance: Europe and the United States, LSE Working Paper, 1, pp. 1-40. Jeng, L. A., Wells, P. C. (2000) ‘The determinants of venture capital funding: evidence across countries’, Journal of Corporate Finance, 6, pp. 241-289. Popov, A., Roosenboom, P. (2013) ‘Venture Capital and New Business Creation’, Journal of Banking Finance, 37, pp. 4695-4710. How to cite Venture Capital Funding Essay, Essay examples

Political economy free essay sample

Nigeria has been a function of the perceptions of the founding fathers from the eve of independence, and a product of certain geographical factors. The nationalists including Nnamdi Azikiwe, Herbert Macaulay, Obafemi Awolowo, Anthony Enahoro, Aminu Kano, Ahmadu Bello, and Tafawa Balewa, to mention a few, viewed Nigeria as a nation naturally created to fill the roles of leadership in Africa and the world.â€Å"What we now know as Nigeria started to evolve in 1861 following the annexation of Lagos as a crown colony and as a result of the gradual incorporation of a contiguous area and people into the British Empire†.(Remi Anifowose Solomon O.Akinbode,Element of politics: Sam Iroanusi publications) Nigeria is a federal state which constitute 36 state . The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. We will write a custom essay sample on Political economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba are the most influential ethic group in the nation. Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, the seventh most populous country in the world, and the most populous country in the world in which the majority of the population is black. Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims in the North and Christians in the South; a very small minority practice traditional religion. Borno State is described as â€Å"The Home of Peace† and truly it used to be that is why people of different tribes and religions from within the country and even beyond find the State as a haven where they go about their businesses  without any qualms, before the emergence of Boko Haram. The Brono people have been living in the Chad Basin area before the Empires of Kanem and Borno were founded. The basin which stretches from the Tibesti Mountain in the North the Mandara Mountains in the South, from the ancient town of Air in the west to the Ennedi in the east has an area of open water which had once covered its present size for over 4000 years. According to the oral traditions, the Teda (Tibesti), Kanuri and Kanembu who lived around the lake and rivers were called Sao. Legend described them not only as giants and famous hunters but as people who have founded towns. Archeological evidences show that the early societies around the lake were farmers, hunters and fishermen and occurrence of cattle and sheep bones at settlement sites indicate that animal husbandry was another economic activity. The presence of huge clay vessels in and around Borno towns of Ngala and Ndufu prove great skills in ceramic technology of the settlers. Some historical artifacts in Borno and outside also reveal the great wealth of their culture. Since 2002, there has been a spate of clashes, particularly in the North of the country, between government forces and the Islamists militant jihadists: Boko Haram, who claims to seek the establishment of sharia law and to Islamize the country as a whole; in the attempt of doing that, have claimed thousands of lives across the northern part of the country, which has no doubt branded country in the sphere terrorism. The word terrorism was first used in France to describe a new system of government adopted during the French Revolution (1789-1799). From that time on, terrorism has had a decidedly negative connotation. The word, however, did not gain wider popularity until September 11, 2001, when Osama Bin Laden masterminded a terrorist attack on United State. Terrorism is the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear for bringing about political change. All terrorist acts involve violence or equally important the threat of violence. These violent acts are committed by non-states armed actors. Terrorists attempt not only to sow panic but also to undermine confidence in the government and political leadership of their target country. Terrorism is therefore designed to have psychological effects that reach far beyond its impact on the immediate victims or object of an attack. According to Linus Ifeanyi Nnekwe, Terrorism is by nature political because it involves the acquisition and use of power for the purpose of forcing others to submit, or agree, to  terrorist demands. A terrorist attack, by generating publicity and focusing attention on the organization behind the attack, is designed to crea te this power. It also fosters an environment of fear and intimidation that the terrorists can manipulate Terrorism has always been the headline of many newspapers for some time now. As the Islamism sect: book haram has claimed responsibility to most of the deadly attacks in the northern region of the country, For Nigerian what appears to be an act of terrorism can be traced to the October 1st bomb blast at the eagle square in Abuja. Today it has taken a new dimension. Nigeria as a nation is now at the mercy of a terrorist religious group known as Boko Haram. Just as if planned in rapid succession between October 2010 till now, we have had more than 70 explosions at different times to tell us that the issue of terrorism is very well alive with us. The use of terrorism for political reason is a serious threat to international peace and security while addressing the UN General Secretary on Wednesday 21st September 2011, president Goodluck Jonathan said that there has been an upsurge to terrorist attacks in some parts of Nigeria over the past few months. According to the president Goodluck, the â€Å"the increasing use of terrorism in various religions of the world as a form of political action posses serious threat the international peace and security. We must win the war against terrorism because its infringes on the fundamental rights of the people’s life and to live in safety†. Boko Haram has claimed responsibility for a lot bombing explosion in the various locations accross the country. These include bombing in December 2011 in jos, Platue State. Other noticeable bomb includes the 1st October 2010 at the federal Capital territory, Abuja Eagle square. The severals of bomb explosions in Maiduguri, Borno state. The audacious bombing of the force headquarters of the Nigerian police force represents a change in usual modus operandi of the groups who resort to this terror tactics in achieving their aims in Nigeria. This is because this was the first known incident in Nigeria that a suicide bomber has reportedly been used. Since then, the country has recorded over three suicide bombing. The latest attack by the group known as boko haram (western education is forbidden) represents a sea change in the tactics and stragegy by this group for main reasons. With the latest attack, boko haram has entered a new phase in its metamorphosis. It  is now a full-blown terrorist organization. But the bitter truth is that boko haram has now fully transformed to a terrorist organization which means anyhow anywhere can be the target. There is no boundary any more. If it happen in Maiduguri, happens in Abuja, Kano, Kaduna, Zaria, Niger, lokoja, etc it can happen in Lagos, port Harcourt, Enugu etc., who knows what could be their next plans. The group is notorious in the way it has varied its modus operandi of attacking vulnerable and defenseless targets including strategic government locations, commercial interest such as bank, customs post, drinking bar, churches, higher institutions, national youth service corps, leading so unfortunate and untimely deaths and injuries of innocent Nigeria, youth of brighter future who could have bring change and foster the development of Nigeria economy. The havoc that the activities of boko haram menace have caused can be best be describe as a disaster. As the repercution cut across, but not limited to social – economic life, political life, cultural, education, psychological and development stage of her immediate communities, the killed generation that could possibly bring changes for the country, the larger society and the nation at large. 1.2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The impact of the activities of bokoharam in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. Their activities has paralyzed almost all sectors of the country’s activities. Terrorism has impeded peace and progressive development in Nigeria. It hinders political development, it affects rapid economic growth and it distorts socio-cultural, equilibrium and lead to environmental deterioration. Many scholars have discussed its consequences according to their observation and background but for us to achieve comprehensive evaluation, we shall take briefly on the aspect mentioned as thus; political, economic, social and environmental consequences. Viewing it from the Political view, it is of a basic importance that we understand the fact that, what makes a nation state is the ability of a collection of people and nation together within a geo-political environment as a nation. But with conflict, good and acceptable government is not guaranteed as even elections into the government reflect the divisions. As it affects the voting pattern so it affects appointment, government policies  within the countries (as we have now) misdirect these political bodies, divides them and hinders their performance. In terms of the economic impact, Literature on conflict has more patronage of discussion on economic consequenses (oluyole 1958, Lauer 1978, Ikpeze, 1997) Conflict and war also leads to dislocation of people from their base. This leads to disruption of economic activitites. In nigeria now the fear of boko haram is everywhere (and according to the slogan among the youth in the north, particularly in kano. â€Å"the fear of boko haram is the beginning of wisdom†). To crown it all financial activities has been paralised as everyone live in fear. People are now scared of gathering together. Business activities has also not been left in this game of fear as everyone is standing with one leg, calculation where is the next target, as every sound like â€Å"Gbooaaa† seems to be a bomb explosion. It as also contributed to a reduction in government revenue and as also cause a reduction in development in that region, now its been very difficult for state government pay the salaries of civil servant as a result of a drastic reduction in government revenue, basically the problem s of the boko haram as posed a big threat to economic growth as it as also contributed to a reduction GDP and other economic activities. The social aspect cannot be left out here. Social development has been described as the process by which the wellbeing of any society and it people is ensured through collective action visa-a vis the changes taking place in policies, economic and social life of the people (Akukwe 1978, Uzoegbunam 199,Okafor 1997). The typical social development programmes jeopardized by the activities of boko haram in the country includes the following family welfare service, health, housing, community development, youths service and women development, education. Just like it is of the political and economic situation, internal conflict and in fact conflict as a thing negatively hinders social development. Enumeration the consequences of activities of boko haram on the earlier itemize structure we have Education: the education has western education which is more of formal training programmes acquired at pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary levels in Nigeria. The major target of the boko haram is to frustrate the western education which to them  is a sin, higher institutions has become a dreadful area the group’s main target is western education. Here in the university of Ibadan, so many people has been traumatically been molested all in the name of searching. People, cars have to que up at the gate for searching, the academic activities has been jeopardized. Lecturer lives in fear. Agriculture and food supply this is affected in many ways. Firstly, the land which is very essential for agricultural production has become battlefield or occupied by this group. Almost all parts of borno state and other parts of the northern Nigeria which formed the major food supply to the country have been fled by the people. Hunger and squalor therefore is imminent in Nigeria. Security one of the â€Å"basic needs† of man according to Igbo (1997) is security-freedom form poverty, want, diseases, hunger and danger and terrorism brings all these, most serious of them being security from danger. The attack and bomb explosion causes not only death of the soldiers but also of innocent civilians. Life is full of insecurity and uncertainly under terror. Fear has become part of the people as everyone thinks of the next targeted area of the boko haram. Social Amenities: social amenities like schools, houses, hospital, markets; electricity etc. has been greatly affected by these activities. Family welfare services: these includes pre-marital counseling, single parent services, services for neglected and abused children and elderly human psycho-physical stability and development of individual and family unit. Environmental effects also have played its part. The environment has always formed a central part of the development focus. The conflict has led to environmental degradation, poverty and hindered rapid economic growth and development. (Nwanegbo 2004). The following are the consequences of the conflict on environment. 1.Pollution by war equipment (bomb) on the environment by gases, chemical  and toxics radio-actives. 2.Scaring away of foreign and conservation experts 3.Refugee problems to neighboring countries and cities and its consequences effect on their own environment like our populations, destruction of their forests, over-cultivation and grazing of their lands, social and cultural breakdown, economic cost on the hoste towns and countries etc. Chad, Benin Republic and the cities closer to Maiduguri will testify better. 1.3OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This particular study attempt to examine the relationship between terrorism and governance ïÆ' ¼To identify factors responsible for the continuous strike of boko haram ïÆ' ¼To investigate if good governance can actually be attained ïÆ' ¼To investigate the main reason the emergence the terrorist sect ïÆ' ¼To come up with scientific recommendations that could be off help to the policy makers to put an end to terrorism in Nigeria. 1.4.SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDIES A study of this nature will draw a link between terrorism and the attainment of good governance in Nigeria. The thesis will help clarify the hidden motive of terrorism and how terrorist art are been carried out. Furthermore, it will serve as a book of reference for any student who wants to attempt a similar research. Thus, generalizations reached in this research will serve as a guide to the general public and recommendations will be given in order to make necessary amendment towards attaining good governance Meanwhile, the international community will be more aware of the effect of Boko Haram in Nigeria. Finally, it can help other researchers and scholars in carrying out further research on the same or similar topics.